Minicomputer

Peter Senge of the Massach determinationtts be of Technology refers to these new manifestations as learning compositions (Byrne, 1992, p. 47).

Drucker (1988, p. 45) said that the " regular large business 20 years hence result have fewer than half the levels of management of its counterpart today, and no more than a third of the managers." In the study age, it has been ascertained that "whole layers of management neither make decisions nor lead" (Drucker, 1988, p. 46). Drucker (1988, p. 47) added that:

educationbased organizations need central operate cast such(prenominal) as legal counsel, public relations, and labor relations as much as ever. But the need for service staffsthat is, for people, without operating responsibilities who only advise, counsel, or coordinate shrinks drastically. In its central management, the selective informationbased organization needs few, if any, specialists . . . . Traditional departments will mete out as guardians of standards, as centers for training and the assignment of specialists; they won't be where the work gets done. That will happen largely in task rivet teams.

Drucker (1988, p. 51) saw these trends manifesting themselves in a heavy reliance on task index teams. He also envisioned the potential for the development of what he called a twoheaded monster organizational structurea specialist structure, and a taskforce leader structure, each with equal authority (Dr

The database provides for two functions. First, storage of data required by many different data processing applications in an organization in a consolidated and an coordinated manner.

Second, consolidated and integrated data processing, which eliminates update and use of individual files to produce information required by each separate user, and provides, instead: (1) updating and maintaining of a public data base; (2) providing information involve for each separate user application through the use of computer programs which sh atomic number 18 the data in a common data base; and (3) providing an inquiry/response capability so that users may easily interrogate the data base and prevail quick responses. A DBMS provides three separate types of tasks. These tasks are as follows (Senn, 1990, p. 431):

2. Programmers may include simple data consumption language statements in applications programs to perform necessary data intervention activities, which means that programmers do not have to develop expatiate data handling procedures using conventional programming languages.

ucker, 1988, p. 51). Nevertheless, he contended that "we are entering a . . . period of change: the switch from the commandandcontrol organization, the organization of departments and divisions, to the informationbased organization, the organization of knowledge specialists" (Drucker, 1988, p. 53).

relationships are present within a tree trunk of information or to remove extraneous data from a body of information.

Senn, J. A. (1990). Information systems management. (4th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

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